Analysts predict Indian Railways’ average speed rising to 100 kmph on 50% network by 2027 via curve revisions (max 1.3°), fencing, and 2x25 kVA OHE upgrades—eliminating level crossings. Long-term: 15,000 km HSR by 2050, 160-180 kmph RRTS in 25-30 eco-clusters, all Kavach-protected; freight corridors to all ports. Quadrupling urged on war footing, funded 60% by oil cess for 10 years.